The eventual downfall of humanity will probably be caused by the achievements in the field of science. Looking at the achievements of genetic modification makes one to think that what people say about the fall of humanity being linked to science is not a farfetched idea after all. Organisms whose genetic content has been altered through techniques of genetic engineering are called genetically modified GMO organisms. Such organisms continue to find use in the modern society every day.
Genetic modification of organism owes its origin to selective breeding in which organisms with certain desired organisms are used in breeding the next generation of that organism. With advancements in genetics, scientists were able to alter DNA directly therefore altering genes. The first recombinant DNA was created by Paul Berg by combining DNA from two virus strains in 1972.
In 1973, the first GMO was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer from experiments with bacteria. Rudolf Jaenisch later on in 1973 created the first transgenic mouse. This was achieved through the introduction of foreign DNA into the embryo of the mouse. The mouse became the first transgenic animal to be created. Eight years later, transgenic mice were developed that could pass their transgenes to offspring.
A plant that is modified genetically was first created by a three scientists in 1983. Michael Bevan, Richard Flavell, and Mary-Dell Chilton were the members of the team. Their experiments led to the creation of disease-resistant variety of tobacco. In 1987, gene guns were invented and plants with improved nutrient value first got introduced in 2000.
The process of producing organisms with modified genes involves process of gene deletion, insertion, and mutation. Genes from a different species are inserted in the form of horizontal transfer of genes. This can occur naturally if for any reason exogenous DNA penetrates cell membrane. Gene modification may be done through various ways. First, the genes may be attached to viruses. Secondly, a very small syringe may be used to physically insert extra DNA into the nucleus of the target host.
The third method involves the utilization of electric pulses to introduce DNA into organisms from various sources. The use of gene gun represents the fourth method. The gun fires tiny particles into intended hosts. Other natural methods for transferring genes also exist. For example, the Agrobacterium is capable of transferring genetic material into plants whereas lentiviruses can do the same thing in animals.
The use of GMOs is in many applications and industries. The organisms are used in areas like agriculture, medical and biological research, experimental medicine, and in production of pharmaceutical drugs. The discovery and development of treatments and cures for major medical conditions is increasingly becoming dependent on GMOs. To that end, various animals have been genetically engineered including rats, sheep, and pigs.
Many governments are involved in the regulation of how genetic modification of animals is done. Each country has different standards for regulation. Some of the major differences in government regulation are between European countries and the United States. Regulation is often dependent on the intended use of the GMO developed.
Genetic modification of organism owes its origin to selective breeding in which organisms with certain desired organisms are used in breeding the next generation of that organism. With advancements in genetics, scientists were able to alter DNA directly therefore altering genes. The first recombinant DNA was created by Paul Berg by combining DNA from two virus strains in 1972.
In 1973, the first GMO was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer from experiments with bacteria. Rudolf Jaenisch later on in 1973 created the first transgenic mouse. This was achieved through the introduction of foreign DNA into the embryo of the mouse. The mouse became the first transgenic animal to be created. Eight years later, transgenic mice were developed that could pass their transgenes to offspring.
A plant that is modified genetically was first created by a three scientists in 1983. Michael Bevan, Richard Flavell, and Mary-Dell Chilton were the members of the team. Their experiments led to the creation of disease-resistant variety of tobacco. In 1987, gene guns were invented and plants with improved nutrient value first got introduced in 2000.
The process of producing organisms with modified genes involves process of gene deletion, insertion, and mutation. Genes from a different species are inserted in the form of horizontal transfer of genes. This can occur naturally if for any reason exogenous DNA penetrates cell membrane. Gene modification may be done through various ways. First, the genes may be attached to viruses. Secondly, a very small syringe may be used to physically insert extra DNA into the nucleus of the target host.
The third method involves the utilization of electric pulses to introduce DNA into organisms from various sources. The use of gene gun represents the fourth method. The gun fires tiny particles into intended hosts. Other natural methods for transferring genes also exist. For example, the Agrobacterium is capable of transferring genetic material into plants whereas lentiviruses can do the same thing in animals.
The use of GMOs is in many applications and industries. The organisms are used in areas like agriculture, medical and biological research, experimental medicine, and in production of pharmaceutical drugs. The discovery and development of treatments and cures for major medical conditions is increasingly becoming dependent on GMOs. To that end, various animals have been genetically engineered including rats, sheep, and pigs.
Many governments are involved in the regulation of how genetic modification of animals is done. Each country has different standards for regulation. Some of the major differences in government regulation are between European countries and the United States. Regulation is often dependent on the intended use of the GMO developed.
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